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Mileva Marić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милева Марић; December 19, 1875 – August 4, 1948) was a Serbian physicist. She was the only woman among Albert Einstein's fellow students at the Zurich Polytechnic. They developed a relationship and had a daughter before their marriage, Lieserl, who either died young or was given up for adoption. After their marriage in 1903, they had two sons, Hans Albert and Eduard. They separated in 1914, with Marić taking the boys and returning to Zurich from Berlin. They divorced in 1919; that year Einstein married again. When he received the Nobel Prize in 1921, he transferred the money to Marić, chiefly to support their sons; she had access to the interest. In 1930 at about age 20, their second son Eduard had a breakdown and was diagnosed with schizophrenia. With expenses mounting by the late 1930s for his institutional care, Marić sold two of the three houses she and Einstein had invested in. He had made regular contributions to his sons' care, which he continued after emigrating to the United States with his second wife (Elsa, his first cousin). ==Biography== On December 19, 1875, Mileva Marić was born into a wealthy family in Titel in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (today Serbia) as the eldest of three children of Miloš Marić (1846–1922) and Marija Ružić - Marić (1847–1935).〔M. Popović (2003). ''In Albert's Shadow: The Life and Letters of Mileva Marić, Einstein's First Wife'', p. xv: "The Family Tree of Mileva Marić-Einstein."〕 Shortly after her birth, her father ended his military career and took a job at the court in Ruma and later in Zagreb. She began her secondary education in 1886 at a high school for girls in Novi Sad,〔Highfield, 1993, p.36〕 but changed the following year to a high school in Sremska Mitrovica.〔Highfield, 1993, p.36.〕 Beginning in 1890, Mileva Marić attended the Royal Serbian Grammar School in Šabac.〔 In 1891 her father obtained special permission to enroll Marić as a private student at the all-male Royal Classical High School in Zagreb.〔Highfield, 1993, p.37〕 She passed the entrance exam and entered the tenth grade in 1892. She won special permission to attend physics lectures in February 1894 and passed the final exams in September 1894. Her grades in mathematics and physics were the highest awarded.〔 That year she fell seriously ill and decided to move to Switzerland, where on November 14, she started at the "Girls High School" in Zurich.〔Highfield, 1993, p.38〕 In 1896, Marić passed her Matura-Exam, and started studying medicine at the University of Zurich for one semester.〔 In the autumn of 1896, Marić switched to the Zurich Polytechnic (later Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH)),〔Trbuhovic-Gjuric, 1988, p.35〕 having passed the mathematics entrance examination with an average grade of 4.25 (scale 1-6).〔Trbuhovic-Gjuric (1988), p.60.〕 She enrolled for the diploma course to teach physics and mathematics in secondary schools (section VIA) at the same time as Albert Einstein. She was the only woman in her group of six students, and the fifth woman to enter that section. An impressive feat at a time when women were not usually admitted. She would have had to have been extraordinarily talented to overcome the restrictions on women's admittance.〔Highfield, 1993, p.38〕〔D. Trbuhuvić-Gjurić, ''Im Schatten Albert Einsteins'', 1988, p. 35〕 She and Einstein became close friends quite soon. In October Marić went to Heidelberg to study at Heidelberg University for the winter semester 1897/98, attending physics and mathematics lectures as an auditor.〔Highfield, 1993, p.43〕 She rejoined the Zurich Polytechnic in April 1898,〔 where her studies included the following courses: differential and integral calculus, descriptive and projective geometry, mechanics, theoretical physics, applied physics, experimental physics, and astronomy.〔'Trbuhovic-Gjuric, 1988, p. 43. (1991, p. 49), and ETH-Archiv der wissenschaftlich-historischen Abteilung〕 Marić sat the intermediate diploma examinations in 1899, one year later than the other students in her group. Her grade average of 5.05 (scale 1-6) placed her fifth out of the six students taking the examinations that year.〔Trbuhovic-Gjuric, 1988, p. 63.〕 (Einstein had come top of the previous year's candidates with a grade average of 5.7.〔''The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein'', Vol. 1, Doc. 42.〕 Marić's grade in physics was 5.5, the same as Einstein's.) In 1900 Marić failed the final teaching diploma examinations with a grade average of 4.00, having obtained only grade 2.5 in the mathematics component (theory of functions). Einstein passed the exam in fourth place with a grade average of 4.91. Passing was 5.〔''The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein'', Vol. 1, Doc. 67.〕 Marić's academic career was disrupted in 1901 when she became pregnant by Einstein. When three months pregnant, she resat the diploma examination, but failed for the second time without improving her grade.〔Stachel (1996), pp. 41, 52, n.22.〕 She also discontinued work on her diploma dissertation that she had hoped to develop into a Ph.D. thesis under the supervision of the physics professor Heinrich Weber.〔Highfield, 1993, p.80.〕 She went to Novi Sad, where her daughter was born in 1902, probably in January. The girl was referred to in correspondence between the couple as Lieserl. The girl's fate is unknown: she may have died in late summer 1903, or been given up for adoption. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mileva Marić」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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